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Heating Systems Guide - Home Furnaces & Other Residential Heating Systems
By Jackie LoBuglio - JD Supply Furnace & Heating System Outlet

Heating Systems, Cooling Systems, and Heating, Ventilating, & Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems, have been around for many years. In this Heating Systems Guide we describe the several types of Residential Home Heating Systems and Commercial & Industrial Heating Systems that are commonly available in North America. You may also wish to refer to the section on Combined Heating & Cooling Systems.

1.1.1. Forced Air Home Furnaces

A residential Forced Air Home Heating System draws room air through (cold air return) ductwork and a filter into a home furnace, where the air is heated. The warmed air is then blown back to rooms throughout the home via (warm air) ductwork.

Most residential forced air home furnaces are gas-fired furnaces, but other fuels include oil, coal, wood and electricity. With a conventional forced air home furnace, natural gas is piped to a burner thatīs located inside a combustion chamber. There, the gas is mixed with air, then ignited by a pilot light, a spark or a similar device that is controlled by a thermostat. Forced air home furnaces are generally categorized by their fuel type:

• Natural Gas Forced Air Home Furnaces
• Oil-Fired Forced Air Home Furnaces
• Propane Forced Air Home Furnaces

Natural Gas Forced Air Home Furnaces
Natural Gas-Fired Forced Air Home Furnaces are commonly used in central air heating / cooling systems for homes. Sometimes this type of residential heating system is referred to as a "Forced Hot Air System", "Gas-Fired Home Furnace" or simply "Gas Furnace".

Generally, a gas furnace (heated by combustion of natural gas) pushes out hot air which is distributed via ducting (duct work) to room vents. A climate-control device (Thermostat) regulates and controls the usage of the furnace.

A digital thermostat can be programed to activate the gas furnace at certain times. For example, a resident may want the temperature in their dwelling to rise 15 minutes before returning from work. This will conserve energy, expenses and natural resources.

The natural gas is usually fed to the residence from a main gas line submerged a few feet beneath the earth, most likely running under and parallel to a street. The duct work supplying the hot air (and sometimes cool air if an Air Conditioning (AC) unit is also tied into the system) can be insulated, or not insulated.

Buildings & homes located in rural and remote areas rarely use gas furnaces, due to the financial impracticality of running natural gas lines far from areas of relatively dense habitation. Usually heating systems in such remote buildings utilize fuel oil, which may be delivered by a truck.

Oil-Fired Forced Air Home Furnaces
Heating Oil, or oil heat, also known in the United States as "No. 2 Heating Oil", is a low viscosity, flammable liquid petroleum product used to fuel building or home furnaces or boilers. In the U.S. it must conform to ASTM standard D396.

For efficient burning, the fuel oil is drawn / pulled from itīs storage tank into a pump, pressurized (residential to 100-140 psi), and then forced through a filtered (appliance-specific) nozzle, into an "atomized" spray pattern.

The atomized oil is then ignited by a spark measuring approximately 1/4 inch across. The spark is produced via a "step-up" transformer which steps up 120 volts (AC) to 10,000 volts (DC). The DC voltage travels down two brass conductors (buzz bars) to the metal / ceramic electrodes of an "ignitor" to produce the spark.

With the airflow coming from the "Squirrel Cage" of the oil-burner, the spark ignites the oil droplets in a "Combustion Chamber", which contains the flame. "Flue Gases" leaving the combustion chamber next travel through a "Heat Exchanger" en-route to an exhaust chimney.

A "Fan / Blower Unit" then circulates heat from the heat exchanger throughout the house. A "Cold Air Return", generally located in the center of the home, supplies all or most of the cold air that is return to the home furnace for re-heating.

Propane Forced Air Home Furnaces
Propane Home Furnaces are generally considered less expensive to operate than electric forced air home furnaces, and, depending on prevailing market prices, they can even be competitive with Natural Gas Furnaces. For rural areas, where Natural Gas is not available, Propane is therefore a good alternative home furnace fuel.

Propane is a clean burning fuel with no contaminants, that may be transported and stored in a special pressurized steel tank (which requires safety testing every few years). Propane burners are smaller than Natural Gas burners, because of the higher temperature at which they burn, but otherwise Propane-Fired Home Furnaces operate in the same way as Natural Gas-Fired Home Furnaces.

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Natural Gas
Forced Air Home Furnaces

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Oil-Fired
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Propane
Forced Air Home Furnaces

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