Cooling Tower Guide - Cooling Tower Parts Outlet, New York

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HVAC Guide - Cooling Systems
By Jackie LoBuglio - JD Supply HVAC Heating & Cooling Outlet

Heating Systems and Cooling Systems, often called Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems, have been around for many years. In this HVAC Cooling Systems Guide we describe the several types of Residential Cooling Systems and Commercial & Industrial Cooling Systems that are commonly available in North America. You may also wish to refer to the section on Combined Heating & Cooling Systems.

2.2.5. Cooling Towers

Cooling Towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature, or rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature.

Cooling Towers may vary in size from small Roof-Top units to very large hyperboloid structures (up to 200 metres tall and 100 metres in diameter), or rectangular structures (over 40 metres tall and 80 metres long). Smaller towers are normally factory-built, while larger ones are constructed on site.

Cooling Towers can be considered as fitting into one of two major application types: HVAC Cooling Towers or Industrial Cooling Towers. Common industrial applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries, chemical plants, power plants and building cooling.

Cooling Towers for HVAC
An HVAC Cooling Tower works to reject heat from a water-cooled chiller or water-cooled condenser. Water-cooled chillers are normally more energy efficient than air-cooled chillers due to heat rejection to tower water at or near wet-bulb temperatures. Air-cooled chillers must reject heat at the dry-bulb temperature, and thus have a lower average reverse-Carnot cycle effectiveness.

Large office buildings, hospitals, and schools typically use one or more cooling towers as part of their air conditioning systems. Generally, these HVAC cooling towers are much smaller than Industrial cooling towers.

A ton of air-conditioning is the removal of 12,000 Btu/hour (3517W). The equivalent ton on the cooling tower side actually rejects about 15,000 Btu/hour (4396W) due to the heat-equivalent of the energy needed to drive the chillerīs compressor. This equivalent ton is defined as the heat rejection in cooling 3 US gallons/minute (1,500 pound/hour) of water by 10°F (5.56°C), which amounts to 15,000 Btu/hour, or a chiller coefficient-of-performance (COP) of 4.0. This COP is equivalent to an energy efficiency ratio (EER) of 13.65.

Cooling Towers For Industrial Use
Industrial Cooling Towers can be used to remove heat from various sources such as machinery or heated process material. The primary use of large, industrial cooling towers is to remove the heat absorbed in the circulating cooling water systems used in power plants, petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, natural gas processing plants, food processing plants, semi-conductor plants, and other industrial facilities.

The circulation rate of cooling water in a typical 700 MW coal-fired power plant with a cooling tower, amounts to about 71,600 cubic metres an hour (315,000 US gallons per minute, and the circulating water requires a supply water make-up rate of perhaps 5 % (3,600 cubic metres an hour).

If that same plant had no cooling tower and used once-through cooling water, it would require about 100,000 cubic metres an hour, and that amount of water would have to be continuously returned to the ocean, lake or river from which it was obtained, and continuously re-supplied to the plant.

Furthermore, discharging large amounts of hot water may raise the temperature of the receiving river or lake to an unacceptable level for the local ecosystem. A cooling tower serves to dissipate the heat into the atmosphere instead and wind and air diffusion spreads the heat over a much larger area than hot water can distribute heat in a body of water.

Some coal-fired and nuclear power plants located in coastal areas do make use of once-through ocean water. But even there, the offshore discharge water outlet requires very careful design to avoid environmental problems.

Petroleum refineries also have very large cooling tower systems. A typical large refinery processing 40,000 metric tonnes of crude oil per day (300,000 barrels per day) circulates about 80,000 cubic metres of water per hour through its cooling tower system.

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