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Chillers Guide - Commercial Chillers
By Jackie LoBuglio - JD Supply AC, Chillers, & Cooling Towers Outlet

Heating Systems, Cooling Systems, and combined Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems, have been around for many years. In this Cooling Systems Guide we describe the different types of Residential Air Conditioners and Commercial & Industrial Cooling Systems that are commonly available in North America. You may also wish to refer to the section on Combined Heating & Cooling Systems.

2.2.4. Chillers

A Chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption-refrigeration cycle. Usually Water (often containing ~20% Glycol and Corrosion Inhibitors) is chilled, but other fluids (such as thin oils) can also be chilled. Fully Chilled Water is used to cool and dehumidify air in mid- to large-size Commercial, Industrial, & Institutional (CII) Facilities.

Most chillers are designed for indoor operation, but a few are weather-resistant. Chillers are precision machines that are very expensive to purchase and operate, so great care is needed in their selection and maintenance. Engineers are normally retained to evaluate a specific applicationsī cooling needs, and to specify the optimal units required. Chillers are used in wide range of applications including: Chillers For Air Conditioning, and Chillers Used In Industrial Cooling Applications.

Chillers Used In Air Conditioning
In Air Conditioning Systems, chilled water is distributed to heat exchangers, or coils, in air handling units, and used water is returned to the chiller. These cooling coils transfer sensible heat and latent heat from the air to the chilled water, thus cooling and usually dehumidifying the air stream. A typical chiller for air conditioning applications is rated between 15 to 1500 tons (180,000 to 18,000,000 BTU/h or 53 to 5,300 kW) in cooling capacity.

Chillers Used In Industry
In Industrial Cooling Applications, cooled water or other liquid from the chiller is pumped through process or laboratory equipment. Industrial chillers are used for controlled cooling of products, mechanisms, and factory machinery, in a wide range of industries. Chillers Are Commonly Used:

Chillers for Industrial Applications can be;

It is also possible to have a combination of both Centralized and Decentralized chillers, especially if the cooling requirements are the same for some applications or points of use, but not all.

Reciprocating Compression Chillers - A Reciprocating Compressor is a compressor that uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to deliver gases at high pressure. The intake gas enters the suction manifold, then flows into the compression cylinder where it gets compressed by a piston driven in a reciprocating motion via a crankshaft, and is then discharged.

We can categorize reciprocating compressors into many types and for many applications. Primary applications are found at: oil refineries, gas pipelines, chemical plants, natural gas processing plants and refrigeration plants. One specialty application is the blowing of plastic bottles made of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET).

Scroll Compression Chillers - A Scroll Compressor (Spiral Compressor) is a device for compressing air or refrigerant. Aw ell as being used in air conditioning equipment, it can be adapted for use as an automobile supercharger (Scroll-Type Supercharger) and as a vacuum pump (Scroll Pump or Scroll Vacuum Pump).

Screw Driven Compression Chillers - A Rotary Screw Compressor is a type of gas compressor which uses a rotary type positive displacement mechanism. The mechanism for gas compression utilises either a single screw element or 2 counter-rotating intermeshed helical screw elements, housed within a specially shaped chamber.

As the mechanism rotates, the meshing and rotation of the two helical rotors produces a series of volume-reducing cavities. Gas is drawn in through an inlet port in the casing, captured in a cavity, compressed as the cavity reduces in volume, and then discharged through another port in the casing. The effectiveness of this mechanism is dependent on close fitting clearances between the helical rotors and the chamber for sealing of the compression cavities.

Rotary Screw Compressors are used in a diverse range of applications - typically to supply compressed air for general industrial operations. Trailer mounted diesel powered units are often seen at construction sites, and are used to power air operated construction machinery.

Rotary screw compressors can be either Oil-Flooded Screw Compressors or Oil-Free Screw Compressors:

Centrifugal Compression Chillers - Centrifugal Compressors (Radial Compressors) are a special class of radial-flow work-absorbing turbo machinery that includes pumps, fans, blowers and compressors.

The earliest forms of these dynamic-turbomachines were pumps, fans and blowers. What differentiates these early turbomachines from compressors is that the working fluid can be considered incompressible thus permitting accurate analysis through Bernoulliīs equation. In contrast, modern centrifugal compressors are higher in speed and analysis must deal with compressible flow.

For purposes of definition, centrifugal compressors often create density increases greater than 5%. Also, they often experience relative fluid velocities above Mach 0.3 when the working fluid is air or nitrogen.

In contrast, fans or blowers are often considered to create density increases of less than 5%, and peak relative fluid velocities below Mach 0.3.

In an idealized sense, the dynamic compressor achieves a pressure rise by adding kinetic-energy / velocity to a continuous flow of fluid through the rotor or impeller. This kinetic energy is then converted to an increase in static pressure by slowing the flow through a diffuser.

Absorption Chillers - The Absorption Refrigerator is a refrigerator that utilizes a heat (e.g., solar, kerosene-fueled flame) source to provide the energy needed to drive the cooling system, rather than being dependent on electricity to run a compressor.

Absorption Refrigerators are popular where electricity is unreliable, costly, or unavailable, where noise from the compressor is problematic, or where surplus heat is available (eg. from turbine exhausts or industrial processes). Absorption refrigerators, powered by liquefied petroleum gas, are also used for food storage in recreational vehicles.

Absorption Chiller Process Schematic

An Absorption Refrigerator operates similarly to a regular compressor refrigerator, in that the refrigeration takes place by evaporating a liquid with a very low (sub-zero) boiling point. In both cases, when a liquid evaporates or boils, it takes some heat away with it, and can continue to do so either until the liquid is all boiled, or until everything has become so cold that the sub-zero boiling point has been reached.

The main difference between the absorption refrigerator and the compression refrigerator is in how the gas is re-converted into a liquid, so that it may be used again. A regular refrigerator uses a compressor to increase the pressure on the gas, and then condenses the higher pressure gas back to a liquid by heat exchange with a coolant (usually air). An absorption refrigerator uses a different method that requires no moving parts and is powered only by heat.

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